Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet) Names of the Letters

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Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)

 Names of the Letters

 Difficulties Recognizing Letters

– Final Forms

– Different Fonts

– Similar Letters

 Writing and Transliterating the Letters

 Begad Kephat Letters

 Pronouncing the Letters

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The Alphabet is Just the Consonants

 In English,

both consonants and vowels are letters of the alphabet.

– E.g., the vowel ‘A’ and the consonant ‘B’ are both

letters of the alphabet.

 In Hebrew, only consonants are considered to be letters

– The consonant Alef  is a letter of the alphabet.

– The vowel Seghol  is not a letter of the alphabet.

 The OT was originally written without vowels

– Vowels and accents were added in AD 500-1000

–   

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Variations on Letter Names

 Different people spell letter names differently

– E.g., Alef, Aleph, ’ā

lep, 

 Different people pronounce letter names differently

– E.g., Waw vs. Vav. Yod vs. Yud.

 In Modern Hebrew, three letters are called different

names depending on whether or not they have a Dagesh

–  Vet vs.  Bet

–  Chaf vs.  Kaf

–  Fay vs.  Pay

 All reasonable variations are acceptable in my class

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Alef

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Bet

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Gimel

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Dalet

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Hay

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Vav

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Zayin

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Ḥet

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Tet

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Yod

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Kaf

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Lamed

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Mem

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Nun

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Samech

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Ayin

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Pay

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Tsadee

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Qof

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Resh

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Sin

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Shin

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Tav

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Order of Sin  and Shin 

 Acrostic poems (e.g., Psalm 119) show alphabet in order.

– Acrostics treat Sin  and Shin  as the same letter,

so they don’t tell us the order.

 Modern Hebrew tends to put Shin  before Sin 

 Our textbook and lexicon have Sin  then Shin 

– So memorize this order.

 You’ll never lose points for either order.

 Mnemonic: Keep the dots together when writing the

alphabet  ...







Used by permission

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Memorize the Alef-Bet Before Continuing

 Before going on to the next section,

learn the name of each letter and their order.

 Use the Alef-Bet song to practice the names in order.

– YouTube has 3 versions of the music video:

 Letters and their names

 Letters alone

 All the letters showing at the same time

– The website also has the song in downloadable

formats: mp3, mp4, and wmv.

 The website links to a place to practice the letters names.

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Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)

 Names of the Letters

 Difficulties Recognizing Letters

– Final Forms

– Different Scripts

– Similar Letters

 Writing and Transliterating the Letters

 Begad Kephat Letters

 Pronouncing the Letters

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Final Forms

Regular

צ פ נ מ כ

Final

ץ ף ן ם ך

 5 letters use different letter shape at end of word

 Mnemonic: “CoMMoN FaTS”

 This shape is called the “final form” or “sofit form”

– Sofit (‘sew-feet’) means ‘last’

 Final forms have the same pronunciation and

transliteration as the non-final forms.

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Multiple Hebrew Scripts

 There are multiple letter styles for writing Hebrew

– Books are printed in a fancy style with serifs

 

– But letters can be written without most of the serifs

ת   ר ק צ פ ע ס נ מ ל כ י ט ח ז ו ה ד ג ב א

– Modern Hebrew is written in a cursive script

ת   ר ק צ פ ע ס נ מ ל כ י ט ח ז ו ה ד ג ב א

 Use the simplified shapes without serifs, and be legible.

 Always write Right-to-Left

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Look-Alike Letters

 (Bet)  (Kaf)

 (Gimel)  (Nun)

 (He)  (Ḥet)  (Tav)

 (Sin)  (Shin)

 (final Mem)  (Samek)

 (Dalet)  (Resh)

 (Tsade)  (Ayin)

 (Waw)  (Zayin)  (Yod)  (Final Nun)  (Final Kaf)

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Bet

Tail in Lower-Right

Kaf

Rounded Lower-Right

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Gimel

Bottom like heel of a boot

Nun

Flat bottom

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Hay

Gap in Top Left

Ḥet

No gap in Top Left

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Tav

Foot on Lower Left

Ḥet

No foot on Lower Left

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Sin

Dot on Upper Left

Shin

Dot on Upper Right

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Final Mem

Square Bottom

Samech

Round Bottom

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Dalet

Bump on Upper Right

Resh

Round Upper Right

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Tsade

Bump on Lower Right

Ayin

Round Lower Right

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Zayin

Tail on Upper Right

Vav

Round Upper Right

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Yod

Halfway Down

Vav

Full Height

Final Nun

Below the Line

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Final Kaf

Top Line is Big

Final Nun

Little or No Top Line

Usually a

Silent Shewa

in Final Kaf

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Memorize the Letters Before Continuing

 Before going on to the next section,

learn to recognize the letters in different scripts,

including their final forms.

 Make flash cards with the letters on one side and the

names on the other side.

– Include final forms.

– The website has a sheet of letters to print and cut out.

 Some letters appear with and without a dot, for

use after you have learned about begad kephat.

– Write the name and recognition notes on the other

side of each card.

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Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)

 Names of the Letters

 Difficulties Recognizing Letters

– Final Forms

– Different Fonts

– Similar Letters

 Writing and Transliterating the Letters

 Begad Kephat Letters

 Pronouncing the Letters

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How to Write the Letters

 The following slides suggest how to write the letters.

– You can write the letters differently,

as long as it is clear which letter is intended.

 Most letters can take a dot inside them.

– These slides show the location of the dot.

– The dot is not part of the basic letter shape.

– Don’t add the dot when writing the alphabet.

– Draw the dot after drawing the letter itself.

 Practice writing the letters as you watch the video.

– A practice sheet is available on the website.

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Alef 

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Bet 

Tail on bottom right

distinguishes

Bet  from Kaf 

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Gimel 

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Dalet 

Tail on top right

distinguishes

Dalet  from Resh 

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Hay 

Gap in upper left

distinguishes

Hay  from Ḥet 

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Waw / Vav 

Unlike Yod  and Final Nun ,

Vav  comes just down to the line

Optional hook

in top left

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Zayin 

Tail on top right

distinguishes Zayin 

from Waw 

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Ḥet 

Lack of Gap in upper left

distinguishes

Ḥet  from Hay 

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Tet 

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Yod 

Unlike Vav  and Final Nun ,

Yod  doesn’t reach the bottom line.

Some people

curve Yod

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Kaf 

Smooth bottom right

distinguishes

Kaf  from Bet 

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Final Kaf 

Unlike Dalet 

and Resh ,

Final Kaf  goes below the line

Alternately, Kaf can

be all 1 curved line

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Lamed 

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Mem 

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Final Mem 

Square bottom distinguishes

Final Mem  from Samek 

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Nun 

Some people

add a top hook

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Final Nun 

Unlike Yod  and Vav ,

Final Nun  extends below the line

Optional hook

in top left

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Samek 

Optional hook

in top left

Round bottom distinguishes

Samek  from Final Mem 

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Ayin 

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Pay 

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Final Pay 

Tail extends

below the line

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Tsade 

1 2

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Final Tsade 

1 2

Tail extends

below the line

Optional bend

in line 1 at joint

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Qof 

Tail extends

below the line

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Resh 

Smooth top right corner

distinguishes

Resh  from Dalet 

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Sin 

Placement of upper dot

distinguishes

Sin  from Shin 

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Shin 

Placement of upper dot

distinguishes

Shin  from Sin 

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Tav 

Tail in lower left

distinguishes

Tav  from Ḥet 

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Transliteration

 Transliterate as follows

ʾ b g d h w z ḥ ṭ y k l m n s ʿ p ṣ q r ś š t

 Different books use different transliteration symbols

– Most of the variation is for vowels, not consonants

 Learn to recognize transliterated words

– Transliteration is used in many reference books

 Direction of writing depends on the script:

– Write Hebrew script Right-to-Left ...

– Write transliteration Left-to-Right ʾ b g d ...

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Before Going on to the Next Section …

 Learn to write the letters.

– The workbook has lines for practicing the letters.

– Don’t try to imitate the details of the fancy printed

letters in the book and workbook.

 Learn to write the letters in order.

– Write the final forms right after the regular forms.

א כ י ט ח ז ו ה ד ג בך מ לם נן סע פף צץ   ר קת

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Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)

 Names of the Letters

 Difficulties Recognizing Letters

– Final Forms

– Different Fonts

– Similar Letters

 Writing and Transliterating the Letters

 Begad Kephat Letters

 Pronouncing the Letters

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Begad Kephat Letters

 “Begad Kephat” means the letters 

 A dot (‘Dagesh’) changes their sound.

– Dagesh  a point-like, momentary sound (e.g., P)

– No Dagesh  a sound that can last (e.g., F)

 In Modern Hebrew,  pronounced like 

– I use this pronuncitation.

 Modern Hebrew uses different names for 

–  Bet vs.  Vet,  Kaf vs.  Chaf,  Pay vs.  Fay

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           

Sound THin T PH P baCH K THe D GH G V B

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Trans

t t p p k k d d g g b b

Transliterating Begad Kephat Letters

 Underline transliterated begadkephat without a Dagesh.

– Overline p and g, since an underline wouldn’t fit.

– The line indicates a sound that can go on and on.

 E.g.,  = b = ‘v’ sound which can continue.

 E.g.,  = b = ‘b’ sound which is momentary.

           

Sound THin T PH P baCH K THe D GH G V B

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Before Going on to the Next Section …

 Learn to recognize transliterated Hebrew letters.

– Many Bible dictionaries, commentaries, and journal

articles use transliteration rather than Hebrew

letters.

– Make flash cards with the transliteration on one side

and the letter on the other side.

– Have separate flash cards for Begad Kephat letters

with and without a dot (‘Dagesh’)

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Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)

 Names of the Letters

 Difficulties Recognizing Letters

– Final Forms

– Different Fonts

– Similar Letters

 Writing and Transliterating the Letters

 Begad Kephat Letters

 Pronouncing the Letters

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Guttural Letters

 4 guttural letters

–  (Alef)

–  (Hay)

–  (Ḥet)

–  (Ayin)

 Guttural letters affect the spelling of words

– The effects will be explained as they come up

 Resh  is not a guttural letter.

– It is never a guttural letter.

– But it has some of the characteristics of gutturals

– These will be explained as they come up

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Sound-Alike Letters

 (Alef)  (Ayin)

silent

 (Bet)  (Vav) Modern

Vat

 (Ḥet)  (Chaf) No Dagesh

baCH

 (Tet)  (Tav) with Dagesh

Top

 (Kaf) with Dagesh  (Qof)

Kite

 (Samek)  (Sin)

Sat

 Remember which letter is in a vocabulary word!

 To help remember, I pronounce sound-alike letters

differently when pronouncing vocabulary words (but

not when reading texts), and I note the letter used.

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Variations in Letter Pronunciations

 Some letters are pronounced differently in Modern

Hebrew.

– Pick a system and try to be consistent

– Recognize the other system when you hear it

Letter Traditional Modern



aGHast Good



THe Dog



THin Top



Wow Vat

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 Silent (nowdays)

– Pronounce the vowel that follows it.

 Sounds like Ayin

– Both are silent

– When memorizing vocabulary, distinguish them.

– E.g.,   ‘if’ vs.   ‘with’

 Guttural

– It was originally a glottal stop (the pause in “uh-oh”).

 Transliterate like single closing quote ʾ

Alef  is silent

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Bet  sounds like B or V

 Begad kephat

– Dagesh  B sound, transliterate b

– No dagesh  V sound, transliterate b

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Gimel  sounds like G / GH

 Begad kephat

– Dagesh  G sound, transliterate g

– No dagesh  GH sound, transliterate g

 GH is troublesome to pronounce

– voiced velar fricative GH vs. voiced velar stop G

– Modern Hebrew pronounces both as G

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Dalet  sounds like D / TH in The

 Begad kephat

– Dagesh  D sound, transliterate d

– No dagesh  TH sound of THe, transliterate d

 Modern Hebrew always pronounces as D

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Hay  sounds like H

 Transliterate as h

 Guttural

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VaV  sounds like V (or W)

 Modern Hebrew pronounces it as V

– So it sounds just like  without Dagesh

– Called Vav in Modern Hebrew

 Traditionally pronounced as W

– Transliterated w

– Waw

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Zayin  sounds like Z

 Transliterate as z

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Ḥet  sounds like CH in Bach

 Sounds just like Kaf without Dagesh 

–  was deeper in the throat than 

 Transliterate as ḥ (h with dot under it)

 Guttural

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Tet  sounds like T

 Sounds just like Tav with Dagesh 

– When memorizing vocabulary, I give Tet intentional

emphasis to help me remember that the word has Tet

 not Tav 

 Transliterate as ṭ (t with dot under it)

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Yod  sounds like Y

 Transliterate as y

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Kaf  sounds like K / CH in Bach

 Begad kephat

– Dagesh  K sound, transliterate k

– No dagesh  CH sound of BaCH, transliterate k

 Without a Dagesh, Kaf  sounds like 

–  was deeper in the throat than 

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Lamed  sounds like L

 Transliterate as l

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Mem  sounds like M

 Transliterate as m

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Nun  sounds like N

 Transliterate as n

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Samek  sounds like S

 Sounds just like the letter Sin 

 Transliterate as s

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Ayin  is silent

 Silent (nowdays)

– Pronounce the vowel that follows it.

 Guttural

– It was originally a voiced pharyngeal fricative.

 Silent just like Alef

– I try to pronounce it when memorizing vocabulary, to

help me remember that it is Ayin  not Alef  in the

word. But when reading the Bible, I have it be silent,

just like Alef.

 Transliterate like a single opening quote ʿ

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Pe  sounds like P / F

 Begad kephat

– Dagesh  P sound, transliterate p

– No dagesh  F sound, transliterate p

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Tsade  sounds like TS

 Transliterate as ṣ (s with a dot under it)

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Qof  sounds like K

 Sounds just like the letter Kaf with a Dagesh 

 Transliterate as q

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Resh  sounds like R

 Roll your R in the back of your throat if you can

 Transliterate it as r

 R is not a guttural letter

– But it has some of the characteristics of gutturals

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Sin  sounds like S

 Sounds just like the letter Samek 

 Transliterate as ś (s with a rising accent)

 Biblical acrostics treat Sin  and Shin  as one letter

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Shin  sounds like SH

 Transliterate as š (s with a little v on top)

 Biblical acrostics treat Sin  and Shin  as one letter

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Tav  sounds like T / TH

 Begad kephat

– Dagesh  T sound, transliterate t

– No dagesh  TH sound of THin, transliterate t

  sounds just like Tet 

 Modern Hebrew always pronounces as T

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Before Going on to the Next Chapter

 Read chapter 1 in the textbook

– Read the textbook supplement along with each section of the

textbook as you go along.

 Memorize the study guide.

 Make sure you can also do the following:

– Write the Hebrew Alef-Bet, including final forms.

– Name and pronounce the Hebrew letters given their letter or

transliteration.

 This includes final forms

 This includes begad kephat with and without a Dagesh.

 Practice taking the quiz for chapter 1 (PDF on website)

– The answer key is page 2 of the PDF.

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